Top 25 international collaborations based on artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics-related output

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The leading 25 bilateral collaborations between institutions from international partnerships, ranked by bilateral collaboration score (Bilateral CS) in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics related-output from 2015 to 2021. Also listed are the corresponding Share contributions (CS1 & CS2) from the institutional pair based on their co-authored AI and robotics articles.

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Rank	Institution 1 (with higher CS)	Location 1 (with higher CS)	CS1	Institution 2 (with lower CS)	Location 2 (with lower CS)	CS2	Bilateral CS
1	UCL	United Kingdom (UK)	44.23	Max Planck Society	Germany	22.82	67.05
2	Max Planck Society	Germany	27.54	Radboud University Nijmegen (RU)	Netherlands	22.50	50.04
3	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)	China	38.50	Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)	United States of America (USA)	8.06	46.56
4	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	40.97	University of Zurich (UZH)	Switzerland	3.60	44.56
5	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	42.58	Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin)	Germany	1.51	44.09
6	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	42.05	Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin)	Germany	1.65	43.70
7	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)	China	32.44	Max Planck Society	Germany	8.28	40.73
8	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	20.54	European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)	Switzerland	17.63	38.18
9	University of Oxford	United Kingdom (UK)	23.44	Max Planck Society	Germany	10.57	34.01
10	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	23.97	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	9.79	33.76
11	Max Planck Society	Germany	19.07	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	14.41	33.48
12	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	19.01	Max Planck Society	Germany	13.82	32.84
13	Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres	Germany	17.84	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	8.62	26.46
14	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	14.51	University of Toronto (U of T)	Canada	11.79	26.30
15	Max Planck Society	Germany	17.30	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich)	Switzerland	7.28	24.58
16	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	18.54	National Research Center Kurchatov Institute (NRCKI)	Russia	5.88	24.42
17	University of Oxford	United Kingdom (UK)	15.98	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	8.42	24.41
18	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	19.57	Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)	Russia	4.68	24.26
19	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom (UK)	12.09	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	11.40	23.49
20	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	15.81	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	7.36	23.17
21	New York University (NYU)	United States of America (USA)	15.18	Max Planck Society	Germany	7.77	22.95
22	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom (UK)	14.98	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	7.55	22.54
23	Alphabet Inc.	United States of America (USA)	13.80	UCL	United Kingdom (UK)	8.46	22.26
24	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	12.45	Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres	Germany	9.69	22.14
25	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom (UK)	13.43	Max Planck Society	Germany	8.44	21.87