Top 200 institutions based on artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics-related output

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a leading technology of the current age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0 or 4IR), with the capability of incorporating human behavior and intelligence into machines or systems. Thus, AI-based modeling is the key to build automated, intelligent, and smart systems according to today’s needs. To solve real-world issues, various types of AI such as analytical, functional, interactive, textual, and visual AI can be applied to enhance the intelligence and capabilities of an application. However, developing an effective AI model is a challenging task due to the dynamic nature and variation in real-world problems and data. In this paper, we present a comprehensive view on “AI-based Modeling” with the principles and capabilities of potential AI techniques that can play an important role in developing intelligent and smart systems in various real-world application areas including business, finance, healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, cybersecurity and many more. We also emphasize and highlight the research issues within the scope of our study. Overall, the goal of this paper is to provide a broad overview of AI-based modeling that can be used as a reference guide by academics and industry people as well as decision-makers in various real-world scenarios and application domains.

Why Artificial Intelligence in Today’s Research and Applications?

In this section, our goal is to motivate the study of various AI techniques that can be applied in various application areas in today’s interconnected world. For this, we explore Industry 4.0 and the revolution of AI, types of AI techniques, as well as the relation with the most prominent machine and deep learning techniques. Hence, the scope of our study in terms of research and applications is also explored through our discussion.

Industry 4.0 and the Revolution of AI

We are now in the age of the 4th Industrial Revolution, referred to as Industry 4.0, which represents a new era of innovation in technology, particularly, AI-driven technology. After the Internet and mobile Internet sparked the 3rd Industrial Revolution, AI technologies, fueled by data, are now creating an atmosphere of Industry 4.0. The term “Industry 4.0” typically refers to the present trend of leveraging modern technology to automate processes and exchange information. In a broad sense, Industry 4.0 has been defined as “A term used to describe the present trend of industrial technology automation and data exchange, which includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and cognitive computing, as well as the development of the smart factory”. The digital revolution to Industry 4.0 begins with data collection, followed by artificial intelligence to interpret the data. Thus, the term “Intelligence Revolution” can be considered in the context of computing and services as the world is being reshaped by AI that incorporates human behavior and intelligence into machines or systems.

AI is the buzzword these days as it is going to impact businesses of all shapes and sizes, across all industries. Existing products or services can be enhanced by industrial AI to make them more effective, reliable, and safe. For example, computer vision is used in the automotive industry to avoid collisions and allow vehicles to stay in their lane, making driving safer. The world’s most powerful nations are hurrying to jump on the AI bandwagon and are increasing their investments in the field. Similarly, the largest and most powerful corporations are working hard to build ground-breaking AI solutions that will put them ahead of the competition. As a result, its impact may be observed in practically every area including homes, businesses, hospitals, cities, and the virtual world, as summarized in “Real-World Applications of AI”.

The leading 200 institutions ranked by article Share (Share) in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics related-output between 2015 and 2021. Also listed are each institution's AI and robotics article count (Count), proportion of AI and robotics Share relative to total Share (AI & robotics %) and change in Share in the field, over the same period.

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Rank	Institution	Location	Share 2015–21	Count 2015–21	AI & Robotics (%)
1	Harvard University	United States of America (USA)	651.03	1,975	10.3%
2	Stanford University	United States of America (USA)	495.61	1,244	11.3%
3	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	United States of America (USA)	453.00	1,583	11.7%
4	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)	China	377.94	1,431	3.1%
5	Max Planck Society	Germany	372.14	1,578	6.9%
6	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom (UK)	258.93	978	8.5%
7	University of Oxford	United Kingdom (UK)	251.23	960	8.1%
8	Columbia University in the City of New York (CU)	United States of America (USA)	229.77	714	10.4%
9	University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego)	United States of America (USA)	223.11	671	9.4%
10	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	United States of America (USA)	217.16	596	8.0%
11	UCL	United Kingdom (UK)	215.16	800	14.6%
12	University of Washington (UW)	United States of America (USA)	201.75	662	10.2%
13	University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)	United States of America (USA)	198.91	674	8.5%
14	New York University (NYU)	United States of America (USA)	198.28	608	15.2%
15	University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley)	United States of America (USA)	197.93	673	7.1%
16	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)	France	197.66	1,624	3.9%
17	Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres	Germany	194.98	1,092	5.2%
18	University of Pennsylvania (Penn)	United States of America (USA)	178.06	563	8.5%
19	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich)	Switzerland	176.64	586	6.5%
20	Princeton University	United States of America (USA)	174.83	470	9.6%
21	Johns Hopkins University (JHU)	United States of America (USA)	169.20	572	9.3%
22	University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)	United States of America (USA)	165.05	511	11.2%
23	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)	United States of America (USA)	160.53	479	7.9%
24	University of Toronto (U of T)	Canada	159.63	549	7.4%
25	Yale University	United States of America (USA)	159.47	535	6.7%
26	University of Michigan (U-M)	United States of America (USA)	155.54	533	6.3%
27	Tsinghua University	China	149.84	603	5.7%
28	Northwestern University (NU)	United States of America (USA)	143.34	422	6.7%
29	Duke University	United States of America (USA)	133.51	509	9.3%
30	Cornell University	United States of America (USA)	132.20	498	6.6%
31	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)	Switzerland	118.99	395	7.2%
32	The University of Chicago (UChicago)	United States of America (USA)	118.90	420	7.4%
33	The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)	Japan	118.05	460	3.7%
34	Imperial College London (ICL)	United Kingdom (UK)	117.11	539	7.3%
35	Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL)	United States of America (USA)	114.10	337	7.9%
36	Peking University (PKU)	China	112.92	506	3.8%
37	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)	United States of America (USA)	101.02	338	6.1%
38	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)	China	97.38	626	4.4%
39	The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State)	United States of America (USA)	95.60	251	6.6%
40	University of Zurich (UZH)	Switzerland	94.84	536	10.0%
41	National University of Singapore (NUS)	Singapore	94.53	339	5.4%
42	The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin)	United States of America (USA)	88.56	308	4.8%
43	HHMI Janelia Research Campus	United States of America (USA)	87.35	188	31.2%
44	University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison)	United States of America (USA)	87.24	390	5.3%
45	University of California, Davis (UC Davis)	United States of America (USA)	86.47	334	7.4%
46	Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS)	Israel	83.40	282	6.8%
47	University of Pittsburgh (Pitt)	United States of America (USA)	81.84	377	8.1%
48	University of Southern California (USC)	United States of America (USA)	80.71	243	8.4%
49	University of Minnesota (UMN)	United States of America (USA)	80.44	325	5.2%
50	The University of Edinburgh	United Kingdom (UK)	78.21	452	7.7%
51	McGill University	Canada	77.23	384	6.8%
52	Fudan University	China	75.58	253	4.2%
53	Alphabet Inc.	United States of America (USA)	75.48	186	60.5%
54	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)	United States of America (USA)	75.05	410	6.0%
55	Zhejiang University (ZJU)	China	74.89	227	3.6%
56	University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)	China	74.44	384	2.9%
57	University of California, Irvine (UCI)	United States of America (USA)	73.31	316	6.8%
58	Boston University (BU)	United States of America (USA)	72.49	476	10.1%
59	Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)	United States of America (USA)	71.40	253	13.6%
60	Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)	United States of America (USA)	70.45	260	6.5%
61	Nanjing University (NJU)	China	69.50	266	2.6%
62	Baylor College of Medicine (BCM)	United States of America (USA)	68.28	266	10.6%
63	University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP)	United States of America (USA)	67.82	377	5.6%
64	Vanderbilt University (VU)	United States of America (USA)	67.64	280	7.9%
65	University of Tübingen (Uni Tübingen)	Germany	67.06	252	11.3%
66	Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)	South Korea	65.69	136	5.7%
67	Karolinska Institute (KI)	Sweden	64.10	273	11.2%
68	RIKEN	Japan	63.89	240	6.0%
69	Nanyang Technological University (NTU)	Singapore	63.15	208	3.8%
70	Technical University of Munich (TUM)	Germany	60.18	314	5.8%
71	The University of British Columbia (UBC)	Canada	59.86	314	6.1%
72	Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU)	Germany	59.72	380	4.7%
73	University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)	United States of America (USA)	59.62	279	4.3%
74	European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)	Germany	58.82	304	17.2%
75	Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS)	United States of America (USA)	58.79	279	11.4%
76	The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)	United States of America (USA)	58.76	247	4.8%
77	University of Glasgow	United Kingdom (UK)	58.46	342	10.9%
78	Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI)	Israel	58.00	166	6.8%
79	Seoul National University (SNU)	South Korea	57.94	256	4.7%
80	University of Colorado Boulder (CU-Boulder)	United States of America (USA)	57.67	303	4.6%
81	The Rockefeller University	United States of America (USA)	57.35	189	8.8%
82	The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern Medical Center)	United States of America (USA)	55.83	133	5.7%
83	Purdue University	United States of America (USA)	55.78	216	5.4%
84	Brown University	United States of America (USA)	55.67	217	9.3%
85	University of Copenhagen (UCPH)	Denmark	54.92	375	5.2%
86	Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)	China	54.16	275	3.6%
87	University of Basel (UB)	Switzerland	53.76	173	7.7%
88	Leibniz Association	Germany	53.27	364	3.8%
89	The Ohio State University (OSU)	United States of America (USA)	53.18	345	5.1%
90	Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)	China	52.70	150	5.2%
91	National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)	France	52.52	622	7.9%
92	The University of Queensland (UQ)	Australia	52.16	207	5.4%
93	Radboud University Nijmegen (RU)	Netherlands	51.68	434	9.7%
94	Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)	Spain	50.94	567	3.4%
95	Beijing Normal University (BNU)	China	50.73	154	7.1%
96	Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)	China	50.48	196	3.5%
97	The University of Utah (Utah)	United States of America (USA)	50.14	156	5.9%
98	Emory University	United States of America (USA)	49.95	190	7.1%
99	Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)	United States of America (USA)	48.62	171	7.3%
100	University of Geneva (UNIGE)	Switzerland	48.45	281	6.0%
101	Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT)	Israel	48.33	193	6.5%
102	Utrecht University (UU)	Netherlands	47.90	391	5.3%
103	Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven)	Belgium	46.58	162	6.0%
104	Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC)	United States of America (USA)	46.24	199	6.7%
105	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)	Italy	45.76	414	4.8%
106	Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)	United States of America (USA)	45.13	129	6.1%
107	Heidelberg University (Uni Heidelberg)	Germany	44.72	408	4.9%
108	Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (RU)	United States of America (USA)	44.47	228	4.8%
109	University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney)	Australia	44.45	198	4.9%
110	Osaka University	Japan	44.35	256	3.4%
111	University of Rochester (UR)	United States of America (USA)	44.33	195	8.3%
112	University of Bristol (UoB)	United Kingdom (UK)	44.26	274	4.7%
113	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	United States of America (USA)	43.70	233	4.9%
114	Tel Aviv University (TAU)	Israel	43.46	241	6.8%
115	King's College London (KCL)	United Kingdom (UK)	42.38	264	7.1%
116	The University of Sydney (USYD)	Australia	41.83	272	7.8%
117	Indiana University (IU)	United States of America (USA)	41.52	292	5.3%
118	University of Hamburg (UHH)	Germany	41.37	276	7.2%
119	Salk Institute for Biological Studies (Salk)	United States of America (USA)	41.29	118	14.5%
120	Monash University	Australia	40.89	229	4.6%
121	The University of Arizona (Arizona)	United States of America (USA)	40.89	224	5.8%
122	Arizona State University (ASU)	United States of America (USA)	40.40	134	5.6%
123	The University of Manchester (UoM)	United Kingdom (UK)	40.17	357	3.8%
124	Sorbonne University	France	39.50	554	5.2%
125	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)	United States of America (USA)	39.41	187	7.8%
126	Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)	Russia	39.25	427	2.8%
127	Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin)	Germany	38.44	339	5.7%
128	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL)	United States of America (USA)	38.31	96	21.0%
129	The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)	China	38.29	205	6.5%
130	University of Göttingen	Germany	37.78	249	5.2%
131	Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)	Norway	37.46	105	15.6%
132	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)	United States of America (USA)	37.25	149	7.7%
133	IBM Corporation	United States of America (USA)	37.07	107	12.8%
134	Rice University	United States of America (USA)	36.98	190	4.8%
135	Northeastern University (NEU)	United States of America (USA)	36.83	196	11.8%
136	Université PSL	France	36.71	339	8.7%
137	Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)	Spain	36.51	243	4.9%
138	University of Amsterdam (UvA)	Netherlands	36.36	416	6.6%
139	University of Florida (UF)	United States of America (USA)	35.82	225	4.2%
140	Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)	Singapore	35.33	153	6.8%
141	Dartmouth College	United States of America (USA)	34.99	100	10.0%
142	RWTH Aachen University (RWTH Aachen)	Germany	34.97	263	5.1%
143	Allen Institute	United States of America (USA)	34.43	69	52.9%
144	Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)	South Korea	34.11	205	6.0%
145	Texas A&M University (TAMU)	United States of America (USA)	34.06	201	3.1%
146	Michigan State University (MSU)	United States of America (USA)	33.91	234	6.0%
147	Italian Institute of Technology (IIT)	Italy	33.87	103	11.8%
148	Scripps Research	United States of America (USA)	33.71	98	3.6%
149	Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin)	Germany	33.49	433	6.8%
150	Champalimaud Foundation	Portugal	33.32	67	52.2%
151	National Research Council (CNR)	Italy	33.28	200	4.2%
152	University of Oslo (UiO)	Norway	33.24	240	7.3%
153	Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)	United States of America (USA)	33.24	266	4.2%
154	University of Freiburg (Uni Freiburg)	Germany	33.19	216	5.2%
155	Brandeis University	United States of America (USA)	32.51	160	11.3%
156	Ghent University (UGent)	Belgium	32.16	185	6.1%
157	University of Oregon (UO)	United States of America (USA)	32.13	176	7.8%
158	University of Helsinki	Finland	32.00	258	7.5%
159	The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)	China	31.98	167	4.0%
160	University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC)	United States of America (USA)	31.89	224	6.8%
161	University of Vienna	Austria	31.77	132	6.4%
162	UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)	United Kingdom (UK)	31.74	475	4.8%
163	University of Liverpool	United Kingdom (UK)	31.52	300	7.3%
164	Colorado State University	United States of America (USA)	31.44	128	6.1%
165	North Carolina State University (NCSU)	United States of America (USA)	31.34	114	5.1%
166	Technical University of Denmark (DTU)	Denmark	31.21	146	5.8%
167	Wellcome Sanger Institute	United Kingdom (UK)	30.89	162	13.9%
168	University of Bonn (Uni Bonn)	Germany	30.63	237	5.4%
169	European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)	Switzerland	30.58	302	7.7%
170	Sichuan University (SCU)	China	30.44	72	2.5%
171	Kyoto University	Japan	30.26	226	1.5%
172	University of Lausanne (UNIL)	Switzerland	30.22	123	7.3%
173	Yonsei University	South Korea	29.98	151	4.7%
174	Indian Institute of Science (IISc)	India	29.94	102	5.0%
175	The University of Melbourne (UniMelb)	Australia	29.94	373	4.2%
176	Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)	United States of America (USA)	29.68	134	4.5%
177	U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)	United States of America (USA)	29.62	125	5.0%
178	The University of Hong Kong (HKU)	China	29.59	185	4.7%
179	The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)	France	28.52	456	4.1%
180	Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)	South Korea	28.47	59	4.2%
181	Tongji University	China	28.40	87	4.0%
182	University of Virginia (UVA)	United States of America (USA)	28.27	174	4.9%
183	Uppsala University (UU)	Sweden	28.16	279	4.0%
184	University of Exeter	United Kingdom (UK)	28.10	135	7.0%
185	Leiden University	Netherlands	27.93	158	4.9%
186	University of Southampton (Soton)	United Kingdom (UK)	27.77	157	4.6%
187	Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)	United States of America (USA)	27.50	104	7.6%
188	The University of Iowa (UI)	United States of America (USA)	27.44	259	5.2%
189	University of Birmingham (UB)	United Kingdom (UK)	27.33	276	6.9%
190	VU Amsterdam	Netherlands	26.77	369	7.8%
191	University of Alberta (U of A)	Canada	26.76	185	3.7%
192	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (St. Jude)	United States of America (USA)	26.39	66	8.4%
193	State University of New York at Stony Brook (SUNY Stony Brook)	United States of America (USA)	26.27	213	4.3%
194	Nankai University (NKU)	China	26.09	62	1.8%
195	Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)	China	26.08	112	3.3%
196	University of Connecticut (UConn)	United States of America (USA)	26.00	91	6.2%
197	The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center	United States of America (USA)	25.90	157	4.5%
198	U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)	United States of America (USA)	25.77	86	5.2%
199	TU Dresden	Germany	25.67	247	4.1%
200	University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst)	United States of America (USA)	25.61	181	4.4%